Monday, November 30, 2009

Excelsior Hotel Baku


At the Excelsior Hotel Baku you will find luxury and elegance throughout the hotel. Our 61 beautifully appointed guest rooms and lavish suites decorated with a taste of luxury and provide every modern comfort expected from a de luxe hotel. All rooms are centrally air-conditioned with individual climate control. Excelsior hotel Baku offer some of the largest rooms in Baku featuring turn down service, 24 hour room service, complete concierge attention, personal safe, digital dual line telephones with voicemail and speakers, computer and fax hook ups, free-of-charge wireless/cable internet access, complimentary tea-coffee in the rooms, refreshment centers, oversized bathrooms, plush terry robes and slippers, premium bath essentials and valet service. Meetings/Events Conveniently located near the heart of Baku, yet away from the busting traffic noise, the Excelsior Hotel Baku is the ideal choice for private and social functions, conferences and business meetings. Excelsior’s four private meeting rooms provide a distinctively elegant setting for all types of events whether it's for a high-level business meeting, a large conference, small seminar or a wedding reception. All rooms are fully equipped with the latest audio-visual technology. The Excelsior Hotel’s team of meeting planners will concentrate on the details so that you can focus on the bigger picture. Our professional team will help you to bring your event to a higher level of efficiency and convenience. Contact our Sales Group and our specialists will get back to you within the next working day. Meetings/Events Conveniently located near the heart of Baku, yet away from the busting traffic noise, the Excelsior Hotel Baku is the ideal choice for private and social functions, conferences and business meetings. Excelsior’s four private meeting rooms provide a distinctively elegant setting for all types of events whether it's for a high-level business meeting, a large conference, small seminar or a wedding reception. All rooms are fully equipped with the latest audio-visual technology. The Excelsior Hotel’s team of meeting planners will concentrate on the details so that you can focus on the bigger picture. Our professional team will help you to bring your event to a higher level of efficiency and convenience. Contact our Sales Group and our specialists will get back to you within the next working day.

Friday, November 27, 2009

Park Inn Azerbaijan


Park Inn Azerbaijan is located near the harbor of the Caspian Sea in the centre of Baku. It is nestled in the heart of the business and entertainment district and within walking distance of the main shopping area. The hotel offers fantastic view of the city and the Caspian Sea.
  • 248 newly-decorated guest rooms with panoramic views of either the Caspian Sea and Boulevard or the city
  • Fully-equipped business centre
  • Restaurant, bar and coffee shop
  • Five modern conference rooms and an elegant ballroom with a large foyer
  • Wireless Internet access/WiFi in all guest rooms
  • Gift shop
  • 24 hour room service
  • Workout room
  • Open parking facilities
  • Just 30 minutes drive to the Heydar Aliyev International Airport
  • 24 hour Concierge

This newly built hotel is situated by the shore of the Caspian Sea, in the center of Baku surrounded by famous landmarks.
  • 25 km from Heydar Aliyev International Airport
  • A 5-minute walk from the Government House
  • A 5-minute walk from the Landmark and ISR Plaza Business Centers
  • Across the street from the Baku Boulevard
  • The Old City, Fountain Square, the State Carpet Museum, Opera and Philharmonic Theater and Musical Conservatoire are all in close proximity


The hotel offers 248 newly refurbished guestrooms that come with either panoramic views of the Caspian Sea or the city of Baku. Non-smoking rooms and rooms for disabled guests are available upon request.

All rooms come with the following amenities:

  • Safety box and hairdryer
  • Individual climate control
  • Comfortable working desk
  • Direct dial telephone with voicemail
  • Satellite television, Interactive Pay-TV and radio
  • Wireless Internet access/WiFi in all guest rooms
  • Minibar
  • Room Service 24 hours
  • In room tea and coffee making facilities



Glory Restaurant is opened for breakfast, lunch and dinner and serves the very best of the International cuisine. Perfect location and nice view make it a prime place for Sunday brunch.

Victor's Bar overlooking the Boulevard is an ideal place for a cocktail after work or a coffee break and snacks at any time.

Mirvari Club Offering a tranquil Japanese atmosphere, Mirvari Club serves some of the best in Japanese cuisine and sushi in Baku. The private club offers disco, bar, lounge and terrace with inspiring view over the Caspian Bay. Open for hotel guests and club members only




The hotel offers five conference and meeting rooms and a Ball room fully equipped to accommodate small meetings to large events.
  • Five modern conference rooms spread across 300 sq meters
  • One elegant ballroom (324 sq meters) with a large foyer
  • Meeting rooms with natural daylight
  • Fully-quipped Business Centre
  • Customized menus from our experienced chefs
  • Wireless Internet access / WiFi· Professional conference and banqueting department personnel


Wednesday, November 25, 2009

"Caspian Palace" Hotel


"Caspian Palace" Hotel was established in "Caspian Plaza Business Center", large business center whish hosts the offices of many famous world-wide companies. It is located in downtown of Baku city, at a moments stroll from the restaurants, craft-shops, art galleries. So if you are planning to visit Baku city on your business trip "Caspian Palace" might be the most suitable place to stay. It is also minutes away (1 mile/1,6 km- 2 miles/3,2 km) from main tourist attractions, such as the Palace of Shirvanshahs, Maiden Tower, Old City, State Football Stadium. "Caspian Palace" Hotel guests are provided with maximum comfort and high-quality services: We cater for special diets i.e. vegetarian, sugar free, dairy free etc.. Lunch and dinner are also served in our hotel but they are not included in the room fee In the hotel you can find a free access to the computer connected to the Internet. Other services included in the room fee:
  • Faxing, secretarial services;
  • Daily local newspapers;
  • Safe deposit boxes;
  • Exclusive security system;
For extra payment you will be also able to get laundry and ironing service. If you are visiting Baku city for the first time our airport taxi service with English speaking drivers might be very suitable for you.
Room type For Company Rack Rates

SINGLE

80 AZN

100 AZN

DOUBLE

100 AZN

120 AZN

ANTIQUE

110 AZN

130 AZN

SUITE

110 AZN

130 AZN

All prices are excluding VAT (18 %)
  • --- m2 surface area
  • separate Twin beds or Queen-Size bed
  • for smokers / non-smokers
  • high speed Wifi internet access
  • LCD TV, satellite TV
  • telephone with direct dialing
  • adjustable air-conditioning available from May to September
  • adjustable heating available from November to March
  • card security system
  • health and anti-allergic mattresses
  • shower bath, hair-fan, hotel cosmetic service
  • mini-bar
  • openable windows

Conference room in Caspian Palace Hotel Baku

Your work-related meetings with business partners, presentations for key clients or contract signing can be executed directly in one of our up-to-date designed conference rooms.

  • surface area 80 m2
  • variable room areas
  • capacity – 60 persons
  • modern representative area with day-light illumination
  • capacity is set by the type of seating selected
  • individual sound distribution
  • WiFi internet connection
  • air-conditioning
  • technical equipment according to client’s specifications and needs
Services
  • rental of audio-visual technologies
  • PC, copy, fax
  • high speed internet
  • secretarial and assistant services
  • we are ready to provide assistance with organization of any kind of event
Conference rooms advantages
  • day-light illumination
  • wireless internet connection
  • catering
  • assistance with preparations
  • parking for 25 cars

The conference rooms are furnished, with fittings made-to-measure and with high-tech equipment. They can be arranged in variable modes to suit any kind of meeting or conference.

Our professional team is ready to fulfill all your wishes and arrange your event following all your instructions to the last detail.


Stylish restaurant AZZA with international cuisine in Caspian Palace Hotel.

Its capacity is 75 seats.
  • Creative cuisine
  • Stylish environment
  • Comfortable atmosphere
  • Warming light
  • Romantic
  • Open-space plan
Breakfast is served in as a rich and eye-catching savory buffet table, available from 8:00 to 10:00 a.m.
Stylish restaurant AZZA offers a varied menu full of the most delicious delicacies from renowned world cuisines. You can enjoy either local or international specialties in a comfortable environment where your satisfaction and contentedness are our only priorities.

Caspian Palace Hotel Baku offers you all hotel services made-to-measure to your individual needs. The primary priority is to provide you with maximum comfort during your stay, providing everything, down to the finest details. Our complete service includes transportation from the airport directly to our hotel, a monitored parking place, accommodation in designed rooms, all assistance with organization of negotiations or conferences, up to reservations in the AZZA restaurant. Everything to satisfy your needs.

Special services:
  • tourist information services
  • Wifi internet connection
  • courier services (Post-Parcel Service)
  • luxurious limousine service
  • taxicab service
  • car rental agency
  • camera monitored parking area
  • cleaning service
  • hotel safe
  • luggage room
  • Audio-visual conference technologies rental (flipcharts, data-projector, plasma-TV, according to your needs...)
  • PC, copy, fax
  • iron and ironing board on loan


Sunday, November 22, 2009

The Crown Hotel Baku


Overview

THE CROWN HOTEL welcomes you with its unique blend of the latest technology together through every possible traditional comfort expected of a luxury five star hotel.
THE CROWN HOTEL also outstanding accommodations for the business traveler or for the visitor coming to enjoy Baku
pleasures, all from its convenient location in the heart of the city in Bayil.
Guest room information

93 De Luxe bedrooms on 6 floors inc. VIP Suites with 2-rooms,partly balcony.
2 connection rooms.Family Rooms with 3 beds.Non-smoking rooms.
(Hotel Fitness Club and Sauna are complementary for all hotel guests)
Guest room facilities
Satellite TV direct-dial telephone, free wireless internet access, Mini-bar, complimentary tea & coffee set, Laptop size in-room safe box. Air conditioning, Double glazed windows, Fully bathroom amenities, Hair dryer.Additional telephone in the bathroom, Smoke detector.
Guest room services
Express pressing and valet service. Daily maid service, dry cleaning. 24 hours room service.
VIP room services
Jacuzzi bath tubs in the rooms, Breakfast Service to the room. 24 hours valet and waiter service (on request) Business equipment on request. Express pressing, daily and overnight laundry.
Daily local newspaper. Shoe shining.

Location and Transportation

The Hotel is located in the heart of the city in Bayil and adjacent to the Sea resources, 7 Neftchi Gurban Abbasov str.. (33 Nefchilar avenue) Azerbaijan, Baku. Taxi and minibus services providing an easy way of getting around. Transportation to and from the Hotel to Heydar Aliyev International airport (GYD) is 25 minutes drive, Distance: 25km/ North East to Hotel.
• Closest City: BAKU
• Distance from Hotel: 5.0 KM
• Local Time: 12:36 PM GMT+04:00

Rooms

THE CROWN HOTEL welcomes you with its unique blend of the latest technology together through every possible traditional comfort expected of a luxury five star hotel.
THE CROWN HOTEL also outstanding accommodations for the business traveler or for the visitor coming to enjoy Baku’s pleasures, all from its convenient location in the heart of the city in Bayil.
Guest room information
• 93 Rooms on 6 floors With Panoramic Sea View and Mountain View inc.
• VIP Suites with 2-rooms, partly balcony.
• 2 connection rooms.
• Family Rooms with 3 beds.
• Non-smoking rooms.
All rooms has air-co, fully bath amenities, hairdryer, make up mirror, WI-FI, desk, phone, satellite TV, mini-bar, safe size of Laptop, complimentary tea/coffee facilities, Hotel Business center, Health Club and Sauna are complementary for all hotel guests. Health Club Membership plan is also available.
Kind of rooms Room Rate


Standard Room

195 AZN

Family Room

200 AZN


Standard Sea view Room

210 AZN

Double room Suit

245 AZN


Executive Suit

350 AZN



Total of rooms: 93
Nightly rates per room night in AZN
Children up to 10 years old free of charge
These rates are including Breakfast and excluding applicable taxes
Additional person for Double and triple accommodation - 25AZN

Restaurabts&Bars

The Crown Hotel Baku offers a choice of fine international and local cuisine dinning experience with the largest & most unique variety of Restaurants, Lounge & Bars within the city of Baku.

Hotel Dining
Lobby Lounge
Location: Main lobby of the hotel with piano music
Serves all kind of alcoholic and soft drinks, light snacks and home-made pastries and cakes
Work hours: from 8:00am till 01:00am
La Grotta Bar
Location: in the lobby area
Serving: Expertly made cocktails and all kind of alcoholic and soft drinks. Serving also light snacks pastry, adjacent to the main lobby.
Work hours: from 8:00am till 01:00 am

Restaurants
Morning Star Restaurant
Location: Adjacent to the main lobby
Serves: Breakfast, Buffet meals, Business group lunches
The best breakfast in town and throughout the day fresh, culinary creations.
Work hours: On weekdays 7:00am-10:00am, on weekends 7:00am-11:00am

Vista Restaurant – International & Azeri Cuisine
Location: At the top of the hotel with Panoramic Caspian Sea & City View
Serving: A la Carte or Buffet, business lunch and fixed-price menus are offered, along with daily specials that closely follow the flavors of the particular season.
Feature of restaurant is serving Gourmet menu the best of international cuisine complemented by a superb wine list.
Work hours: 12:00 noon-3:00pm, 6:00pm- 11:00pm
Moon garden – Fusion & Azeri Cuisine
Location: Our spectacular terrace in the open area with the Panoramic Caspian Sea View which adjacent to the main lobby
Serves: Lunch and Dinner.
An exquisite evening meal experience with daily live Music and Shows
Work hours: 12:00 noon-11:00pm
Vitamin Bar – Sports Bar
Location: At the Fitness Club area,
Serves fresh juice & soft drinks.
Work hours: from 9:00am till 10:00pm
Banquets
Also we offer a range of Banquet facilities up to 100 guests at The Crown Hotel Baku

Facilities&Health Club


The Crown Health Club provides active guests with a private retreat of exceptional quality in which to exercise.
Gym instructors are on hand to carry out fitness assessments and provide personal training programs.
It offers a range of cardiovascular equipment and free weights, as well as indoor swimming pool,men's and women's lockers,change rooms with showers ,saunas and massage service.

Working shedule
Sunday 7:00 am – 10:00 pm
Monday to Saturday 6:00 am – 10:00 pm

Fitness Club Membership plans are also available.

Business&Meeting

Business Center service

Business center is offering a full range of secretary and administrative services free of charge.

• Wi-Fi internet connection
• PC
• Facsimile and Copy machines
• Electrical Adapters Available
• Power Converters Available
• Direct- Dial Phone
• Free Local Phone Calls

Meeting facilities

Total of 2 function rooms, (Crown Grand Room up to 120 guests, Crown Meeting Room up to 100 guests)

Coffee break area
We offer a range of meeting facilities up to 120 guests at The Crown Hotel Baku.

Technical features
Ergonomic designed furniture, battery powered back-up outlets, structured cabling throughout, wireless Internet access, Power (220 V), Sound System, Slide Projector, Multimedia Projector, DVD, CD Player, CD Recorder, Independent Temperature & Ventilation Control, Cordless & Wireless Microphone, Flip Chart, White Board, Screen, Lectern, Note Pads-Pens.

Source: www.crownhotelbaku.com

GENERAL INFORMATION ON NATURE OF AZERBAIJAN

Favorable natural and geographical conditions of Azerbaijan caused the settling of people on its territory.

Ancient writers Herodot (5th century B.C.), Polibey (200 B.C-120 B.C), Strabon (64/63- B.C-23/24 A.M), Claudi Ptolemey (approximately 90-160) and provided coverage of geographical borders of Azerbaijan, rivers, inhabited regions, tribes, residing in the country, the Caspian Sea in a number of their creative works.

Later Arabian geography scientists and travelers Ibn Khordadbeh (820/826-912/913), Abu-Ishaq Isterkhi (appr. 820-934), Azerbaijani scientist Mohamed Nakhchivani (late 13th-mid 14th centuries), Iranian scientists Reshidaddin Fazlullah (1247-1317) wrote about the economics of Azerbaijan, its administrative division, mountains and rivers, the distances between them, trade roads, etc.

Albanian (Caucasus) historian Musa Kalantarli (7-8th century) in his work "The History of Albania" described Albania as a world-famed country with a rich nature and dense population, fertile soils, beautiful gardens and green plains.

The world map (1459) of Venetian F.Maurov, the maps of Alsharif (1601), german scientist and traveler A. Olear), as well as the map "East Transcaucasia and the Caspian Sea", drawn in 1720 and issues in 1723 by order of Peter the First included the inhabited regions, lakes and rivers of Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijani geographical scientist Abdurrashid Bakuvi expressed his views on the climate of Azerbaijan, the nature of Baku and oil production in this town, Hadji Zeynalabdin Shirvani and Abbasqulu Aga Bakikhanov shared their opinions on the geographical features of our country. V.Abikh, I.Figurovsky, A.Zakharov and others made a great contribution to exploration of the territory of Azerbaijan as well.

Complex exploration of Azerbaijan started in period of the Soviet Union, when different scaled maps were issued and geographical atlases drawn.

The Academy of Science of Azerbaijan played an important role in comprehensive study of the territory of our country.

Historical and georgraphical position of the Azerbaijan Republic

Ancient Azerbaijan situated in Central Asia and covered the area from southeastern Caucasus till the mountain area south and south-east of the lake Urmia. Its area exceeds 200 thousand km2.

The entire Azerbaijan situates in northern hemisphere in approximately the same latitude with Spain, Greece, Turkey, China, Korea.

The strategically important roads leading from Europe to Central and Eastern Asia passed through Azerbaijan.

The territory of the republic extends 400 km from north to south, and 500 km from west to east, and locates between latitude 38'25"-41'55" North and longtitude 50'-50'51" East.

The Republic situating on the junction of Europe and Asia has a unique geopolitical and geographical position and had not lost its strategical importance for economic and cultural relations.

Landscape

Azerbaijan is characterized by a diversed landscape. There are two major forms of landscape-plains and mountains.

Mountains cover 60% of the total area of the Azerbaijan republic.

The principle geomorphological structures of Azerbaijan Republic -Major Caucasus, Minor Caucasus (with Garabagh plateau) and Talysh mountains surround the Kur-Araz lowland in the north, west and south-east.

The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic is situated in the mid course of the River Araz and within the boundaries of Zengezur and Dereleyez chains of mountains, fringing with the river.

The average altitude of the territory of the Repiblic is up to 400 meters. But the lowland of the Caspian Sea shore is below sea level (currently -26.5 meters) while the highest peak Bazarduzu is 4466 meters in height. Thus, one can see that the difference in altitude equals nearly 4500 meters in the country. Northern part of Major Caucasus is situated in Azerbaijan. Two chins of mountains are distinguished in this part: Head or Watershed chain with Bazarduzu (4466 meters) and Great (Side) chain of mountains with Shahdag alp (4243). Mountains chains go down to 1000-700 meters to the South-East. The mountain chains of Major Caucasus are surrounded by foothill areas: a steppe plateau to the north-west, Qobustan to the south-east, Alazan-Ayrichay plain to the south-west and Qusar sloping plain to the north-east.

The mountains are formed by less exposed to denudation sinking rocks of Cretaceous and Jurassic periods.Foothills are characterized by badlands (Djeyranchol and Adjynour plains) and mud volcanos (Gobustan and Absheron). Qusar lpain and Alazan-Hefteran valley is composed of a thick layer of quaternary gravel sediments.

Minor Caucasus surrounds the country in the south-west and west and is composed of a number of chains and plateaus with relatively low height.

Murovdag, Shahdag and Zangezur are the principal chains of Minor Caucasus. Garabagh plateau, extending from the south of Murovdag up to the river Araz, lies on the cones of extinct vulcanos and quaternary lava.

Minor Caucasus is formed by Jurassic and Cretaceous volcanogene and sedimentary rocks.

Talysh mountains cover the south-east of the country. They are composed mainly of Tertiary sediments. Talysh mountains are the chain of transition from Minor Caucasus to Elbrus mountains in Iran. They consist of three mountain chains, reaching 2477 meters in height and a number of their ranges.

Kur-Araz lowland lies on the area between Major and Minor Caucasus and Talysh Mountains. As the largest intermontane lowland in the entire Transcaucasia it covers the central part of the country.

The Kur and Araz rivers divide the lowland into five plains: Shirvan, Qarabagh, Mil, Mughan and Salyan plains.

Samur-Devechi lowland, resting on Qusar sloping plain on the Caspian Sea shore, streches from Absheron peninsula to the north. Lenkeran lowland runs from the Absheron Peninsula to the south on the foothills of Talysh mountains. Kur-Araz, Samur-Devechi, Lenkeran lowlands and most part of the Absheron peninsula lie below sea level.

Climate

The climate in Azerbaijan is major influenced by geographical position, landscape and the Caspian Sea. The semidesert and dry, subtropic, temperate and frigid types of climate dominate in the country. It has been determined that Azerbaijan accounts for 8 out of 11 climate zones, existing in the world (by V.V.Keppen). Dry subtropical climate is typical for Kur-Araz lowland and Absheron.

Damp subtropic climate is observed only in Talysh mountains, foothills and Lenkeran lowlands. Temperate climate observed the slopes of Major and Minor Caucasus mainly covered with forests is divided into dry, warm-temperate dry, warm-temperate damp and temperate zones. Frigid climate is typical of high mountain ranges, at the tops of Major and Minor Caucasus, alpine, subalpine meadows.

The average annual temperatures equal 15 C on the plains while in high mountain regions they fall even below zero. Temperatures reach 25-27C in Aran regions and 5C in mountain regions in July. The absolute maximum is 43C, while the minimum is lower than -30C.

This minimal and maximal temperatures have been registered in Nakhichevan lowland and mountains.

Precipitation is also not equal across the territory of the country. The Absheron peninsula and Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic account for lower level of precipitation per year (200 meters). Precipitations equal 200-300 mm in Kur-Araz lowland, 600-800 mm on north-eastern slopes of Major and Minor Caucasus, 1200-1300 mm on southern slopes of Major Caucasus at a height of 2000-2500 meters. Precipitation is the highest (1200-1700 mm) in the south of Lenkeran lowland and foothills of Talysh mountains. Predominant winds blow to north (the Absheron peninsula), south-west (Kur-Araz lowland) and west (Lenkeran lowland).

Inland Water

The dense river system of the country covers its territory like a blue spider's web. Azerbaijan accounts for 8400 small and large rivers, including 850 over 5 kilometers in length. Bust there are only 24 rivers extending to over 100 kilometers.

The rivers Kur and Araz-the largest rivers in the Caucasus, are the main sources of hydroelectric energy and irrigation.The river Kur originates at a height of 2740 meters on north-eastern slope of Qyzylgedikdagh in Turkey. It passes through Georgia and enters Azerbaijan, runs through Kur-Araz lowland and flow into the Caspian Sea. Its total length is 1515 km, with 906 kilometers in Azerbaijan. The area of its basin is 188 thousand kilometers. Mingechevir, Shamkir and Yenikend dams and hydroelectric power stations were constructed and big water reservoirs established on the river Kur. The reserves of two canals, carrying water from the Minchechevir reservoire, -Upper garabagh and Upper Shirvan canals-are used in irrigating the lands of Kur-Araz lowland.

The River Araz originates from the Bingol mountains (2990) in Turkey and joins the Kur at Sabirabad (in Suqovushan village). It stretches to 1072 km and covers the area of 102 thousand km2.

The river Samur is the largest river in north-eastern Azerbaijan. It originates in Daghestan at a height of 3600 meters and flows into the Caspian Sea. It is 216 km in length and its area totals 4.4 thousand km2. Besides, the rivers Qusarchay, Qudyalchay, Velvelchay, Sumqayitchay, Vileshchay, Lenkeranchay and Astarachay flow in the Caspian Sea as well.

Azerbaijan has a great number of mountain rivers. Most rivers feed from snow and rains. The rivers Balakenchay, Talachay, Katehchay, Kurnurchay, Kishchay and other rivers, originating from Major Caucasus join the Alazan and Ayrichay rivers in Alazan-Ayrichay valley.

Rivers, running from Minor Caucasus as Agstafachay, Tovuzchay, Asrikchay, Zeyemchay, Shamkirchay, Ganjachay, Kurekchay, Terterchay flow into the Kur, while Hekerichay, Okhchuchay and Arpachay, Nakhichevanchay, Alianchay, Gilianchay and Ordubadchay of the Nakhichevan AR enter Araz.

Azerbaijan accounts for nearly 250 frech and salty lakes, differing by the sources of feeding and by origin. These include Tufangolu lake of glacial origin, the Goygol, Maralgol, Qaragol, Batanat, etc. formed by landslides, the Aggol, Sarysu, Mehman, Hadjyqabul, taking their origin from rivers and the largest salty lakes Adjinour, Boyukshor, Bineqedi, etc.

Vegetation

Azerbaijan has a rich flora. Almost all types of plants, found in the world are spread on the territory of this relatively small country. Nearly 4500 species of higher, spore-bearing flowering plants belong to 125 types and 920 genuses. Azerbaijan is richer than any other Caucasus countries by the total number of species. The republic accounts for 66% of all plant species found in the Caucasus. Along with plant species, widely spread in the Caucasus and other regions, Azerbaijan is also charactirezed by nearly 240 species of endemic plants. The vegetation spreads in accordance with physical and geographical formation of e region, modern cimate conditions, vertical zones and a number of other factors. Thus, plant species of desert and semi-desert and mire vegetation covers the plains to a height of 200 meters.

Desert type plants are found on the Caspian sea shore, south-eastern Shirvan, Mil, Mugan and Shirvan. Depending on the salinity of soils such plants as garasoran, shahsevdi gishotu, are widely spread in these regions.Semi-desert plants are widely-spread in Shirvan, Salyan, Mugan, Mil and Garabagh steppes, as well as in Djeyranchol, Qobustan plains and plains around the Araz. Absinth semi-deserts as zonal formations, dominate Kur-Araz, Qobustan and Djeyranchol plains. Among other formations garagan (Kur-Araz) and dengiz (Qobustan, Nakhichevan) are typical for Azerbaijan. Other widely spread plants of semi-deserts are bulbous bluegrass, Japanese brome, berk guramat, eatsern bozag, chilingburnu and a number of salinity herbs (cheren, shahsevdi, saltwort, gishotu. Tughai forests are peculiar of these areas. The forests covering the valleys of the Kur, Araz and Qabirri rivers contain such trees as oak, willow, birch-tree, ash-tree, etc.

Foothill plains of Major and Minor Caucasus are mainly covered with annual and perennial xerophytic plants and bushes at a height from 200 meters up to 600-700 and sometimes even 1200 meters. The area above (up to 1800-2000 meters) is covered with forests.

Azerbaijan has an area of 86.6 million hectares, with 1213.7 thousand hectares of woodlands.

Thus forests account for 989.5 thousand hectares or 11.4% of the total area of the country. Per capita area of forests equals 0.12 hectares of land that is by 4 lower from the average global indicator (0.48 hectares).

Though Azerbaijan's forests occupy relatively small area they are rich in species of trees. There are 435 tree and bush species with 70 species of endemic ones. The country is characterized by broad-leaved forests. Such forests are widely-spread on Major and Minor Caucasus and Talysh mountains. At a height of 600-1600 meters above sea level they form a single zone. In other areas they are preserved in glades and narrow strips.

The forests are formed by three main types of trees-beech-tree, hornbeam and oak. They make up 86.2% of woodlands. Besides, forests also contain such broad-leaved trees as maple, elm, lime-tree, alder-tree, poplar, yalanyarpag, willow, etc. Needle-leaved forests account for 1.7% of the total area of forests. 7 species of needle-leaved trees out of 107 species of trees are naturally grown in the country. These are garajokesi, Eldar pine-tree, hookes pine, polycarpous, red and uzungovdeli juniper trees.

Azerbaijan is home to a number of rare trees and bushes. Garajoke is a rare relict tree of the Pertiary period. It is widely spread in south (Qabala) and south-east (Pirqulu and Shamakhy regions)of Major Caucasus. Though slow-growing yet long-lived garachohre does never cover large areas. Eldar valley of Djeyranchol foothill is home to Eldar pane-tree. Among relict and rare trees of Tertiary period iron-tree, Lenkeran acacia, chestnut-leaved oak, zelkova, Caucasus date palm, box-tree, wing nut, Hirkan fig-tree, Hirkan birch-tree, etc are rare patters of nature.

Fauna

Azerbaijan situates on the junction of a number of zzogeographical zones, characterized by a specific fauna. The animals from Iran, Central Asia amd Mediterranean Sea have been adppted to Azerbaijan thus enriching its nature. Due to the diverse natural conditions Azerbaijan formed a colorful animal kingdom. There are 97 species of mammals, 357 species of birds, 67 species of reptiles and Amphibians, 1 species of cyclostomes, 97 species of fish, over 15 thousand species of invertebrates on the territory of Azerbaijan.

The fauna of plains is represented by a great number of mammals, reptiles, amphibians and numerous sedentary and migrant birds.


One can come across such mammals as djeyran gazelle, wild boar, wolf, fox, badger, cane cat, rabbit, etc, reptiles as swamp, Caspian and Mediterranean tortoise, striped lizard, ordinary and water grass-snake, adder, etc, amphibians-different species of tortoises, ansects, birds-pheasant, partridge, turaj, different kinds of ducks and geese, loud and hissing water birds, coot, eagle, gallinule, heron, cormorant, pelicane, etc. Beside animals found in plains and mountains, this areas are also characterized by such animal species as East Caucasus billy-goat, Caucasus roe deer, Caucasus chamois, Caucasus tetra, Caucasus donkey,etc.

The Red Book of the Azerbaijan Republic comprises 108 animal species, including 14 species of mammals, 36 species of birds, 13 species of reptiles and amphibians, 5 species of fich and 40 species of incests.

The minerals of Azerbaijan

The country is rich in three types of mineral products that are metallic, non-metallic and combustible mineral products. Azerbaijan is famous for its oil and gas deposits. 2/3 of the republic is rich in oil and gas. The Absheron Peninsula, Caspian shelf, Baku and Absheron archipelagoes account for the most part of deposits. Southeastern Shirvan, Central Aran, Qobustan, Djeyranchol, Adjinour and Siyezen are rich in oil.

The world-famed oil of Naftalan cures a number of diseases.

Gas deposits are found in Qatadagh, Caspian shelf, Baku and Absheron archipelago. The region of Minor Caucasus accounts for most part of metallic minerals: iron, manganese, titanium, chromium, copper, cobalt, complex ore, antimony, gold, silver, molybdenum, etc. The biggest deposit of iron was found in Dashkesen.

Among non-metallic minerals limestones of Qobustan, Absheron, Tovuz, travetin stones of Kelbadjar and Shahtakhty (Nakhichevan AR), marble of Dashkesan, gypsum of Upper Aghdjakend, alums of Hadjyveli and of great industrial importance.

The country is also rich in mineral waters, with different chemical ingredients. Due to that Azerbaijan is called the museum of mineral waters. Istisu (in Kelbedjar), Badamly and Sirab (in Nakhichevan AR) are famed mineral waters.

Surakhany andShykh of Absheron peninsula, Qalaalty, of Devechi district, Turshsu of Djulfa district are used as a treatment of a number of deseases.

Thermal waters dominate the Talysh mountains and southern and northeastern slopes of Major Caucasus

The Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea, largest enclosed water basin in the world is of great importance for Azerbaijani people. It has a unique physical and geographical properties, It should be noted that the flora and fauna of the Caspian Sea are rich in endemic species. For example, 90% of the total reserves of sturgeon, differing from other fishes by its antiquity, are found in this sea.

The specific geographical landscape created favorable recreational conditions. The sea stretches along a meridian in shape of latin letter "S" and it locates between latitude 47'17" north and longtitude 36'33"east.

The sea across the meridian stretches to nearly 1200 km, its average breadth is 310 the maximal and minimal breadth id 435 and 195 accordingly. As the level of the Caspian Sea changes periodically, the volume of water and its boundaries are also changeable. At present the level of the sea is 26.75 meters below sea level. At this level the area of the sea is 392600 km2 , the volume of water is 78648 km3. This volume makes up 44% of the total water reserves of all lakes in the world. Its maximum depth is 1025 meters and due to that the sea rivals the Black Sea, Baltic Sea and Yellow Sea and it is even deeper that the Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Tiren Sea and Sulu Sea.

Caspian Azerbaijan Sector occupies central and southern parts of the Sea. Caspian Sea water differs from that of the world ocean by its salinity. The salinity totals 5-6 ppm in the north and 12.6-13.5 ppm in south. 170 out of 300 mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan are located in the Caspian Azerbaijan sector. The number of volcanoes is higher in the South Caspian Sea.

The uniqueness and colorness of natural conditions promoted the preservation of a number of rare flora and fauna species in the Caspian Sea up to present days.

The Caspian Azerbaijan sector accounts for 171 species of phytoplankton, 40 species of animal plankton, 258 species of fitdentos, 91 species of macrozoodentos and 80 species and subspecies of fish belonging to 14 families. Carp-like fishes are the most numerous species-42 species, they are followed by gudgeons-31, herring-17, salmon fishes-2, sturgeon-5 species. The fish fauna of the Caspian Sea comprises 4 genuses, 31 species and 45 subspecies of endemic fiches. Most endemic fishes are registered in central part of the Caspian Sea.


Approximately 40 species and subspecies of fish play important role in fishing. Flock accouns for the biggest part of the total fish fauna (80%) the remainder part comprises herring, grey mullet, friar, argentine, and gudgeon.

The Red Book of the Azerbaijan Republic includes the following species of rare and endangered species: stone-eel, sig, Southern Caspian white-eye, chekhon, sea pike-perch. In the last few years, the number of all kinds of sturgeon (beluga, spine, long-nosed sturgeon), Caspian salmon, white salmon, khramulya, shamai fish, shibrit, garasol, is decreasing rapidly and these fishes are on the verge of extinction. The seal is the only mammal found in the Caspian Sea . It is the smallest kind of all existing seals. The number of Caspian seals decreased from 1.5 million in early 20th century down to 360-400 thousand in 1980th. The Caspian seal was included into the Red Book in 1993.

302 species of birds have been registered on the Caspian Sea and its coastal regions: these include 37 species of water birds, 109 species of birds populating areas around water basins and 156 terraneous birds.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON AZERBAİJAN CULTURE

One of the world's most ancient nations - the nation of Azerbaijan - has the right to feel proud for its history, material and cultural monuments, literature, arts and music heritage.

Wonderful nature, climate, natural resources of the country produced a significant impact on artistic thinking and creation skills of Azerbaijani people as well. In spite of a long and difficult way undergone by different types of arts in Azerbaijan, they still represent a unity and provide outstanding opportunities for the creation of a full idea of fine arts of Azerbaijan. The folk arts of Azerbaijan are multi-colored, complete and rich, as its natural resources. The folk art is connected with daily life of people and daily life occupies a very special life in the fine arts as well. Folk arks cover a long period from ancient times to nowadays and including a variety of products from garments to housing goods and decoration.

Quite obviously, the style of life, aesthetic tastes, the national image and qualities, are strongly reflected in folk arts. One can easily come across numerous wonderful models of Azerbaijani folk arts in the world's largest museums. The pieces of arts created by the skillful hands of Tabriz, Nakhichevan, Gandja, Gazakh, Guba, Naku, Shaki, Shamakhi and Nagorny Kharabakh can be found in large museum collections of Victoria and Albert of London, Louvers of Paris, Metropoliten of Vashington and Vienna, Rome, Berlin, Istanbul, Tehran, Cairo museums.

The history of folk arts in Azerbaijan has a long and interesting history. Works of art made from metal extracted from Nakhichevan, Migachevir, Gadanay, Gandja and other places are approximately 5000 years old. Crockery, weapons and adornments found here are not historical facts alone, but valuable sources which testify the skills of the master.

Material and cultural models, found during archeological excavations in the territory of Azerbaijan, testify that our ancestors made crockery, daggers, axes, belts and adornments of bronze and used them in daily life. This proves the ancient age of such types of activity as copper-smithy and gold smithy.

There are those with portrayals, showing traditions, religious ideas and even garments of people of that epoch among art patterns made from metal. History, of ethnographical and artistic features of folk art are reflected on the garments. These features are reflected both on garments of certain form and its adornments and fine needle-work, knitting.

Bronze needles and awls from the beginning of the bronze epoch (III millennium B.C ) were found during archeological excavations in Azerbaijan as well. These findings prove that the ancient population of Azerbaijan could sue clothes for themselves. Little clay statues founded from Kultapa and Mingachevir (III millennium B.C) and seals of the V century B.C found in Mingachevir provided opportunities to have a certain idea of garments of that time. Clothing remnants sued from different silk materials are found in Mingachevir catacombs of V-VI centuries B.C. Number of adornments ( III-IV century B.C), made of gold, and clay crock of foot-gear form are well-grounded evidences, proving old high material culture of Azerbaijanis.

Different pictures, scraped on housing implements made from copper, bronze, gold and adornments, prove existence of fine art in Azerbaijan since ancient times.

Horse-cloth with flowers on clay figure of horse (II millennium B.C.), found in Maku in South Azerbaijan, golden basin with picture of line (I millennium B.C), found in Hasanli hill near the Urmiya lake, and other findings show the ancient history of carpet-making, one of the branches of folk art in Azerbaijan.

Remains of palaz (a kind of carpet without pile) and carpet of I and III centuries discovered during archeological dig in Mingachevir.

According to archeological dig and written sources Azerbaijan people has been occupying with carpet-making since bronze epoch ( late II millennium - early I millennium). Heorodot, Klavdi Elian, Ksenofont and other world historians wrote about carpet-making development in Azerbaijan.

Carpets, weaved by separate carpet-making schools of Azerbaijan (Guba, Baku, Shirvan, Gandja, Gazakh, Nagorny Karabakh, Tabriz) in different periods, amaze people till nowadays. Most of them kept in well-known museums of the world.

Gobustan rock pictures, pictures, belonged to the early of bronze epoch (III millennium B.C) in Aychingilli and Parichingil mountains near the Zalkha lake in Kalbacar region, rock pictures in the Gamigaya mountains in the north of Ordubad town have exception importance among the most old patterns of fine art. Pictures about ancient people's mode of life, welfare, labour, carved in the Gobustan rockeries, represent special interest. Different subjects, scenes on hunting, cattle breeding, planting and other branches of household, human and animal pictures were carved in dynamic way. The Gobustan rock pictures - pictograms cover multi-centuries old history from primitive communal order to feudalism.

Azerbaijan was rich of architectural pieces one of branches of folk art along with works of fine art since ancient times. Maiden tower and Shirvanshahs palace in Baku, Momina Xatun and Yusif ibn Kuseyr mausoleums, created by architect Acami in Nakhichevan, Natavan's home, pictures on walls of Shaki khan palace and other patterns are rare pearls of architecture.

Picture of people, dancing Yalli, represents special interest among the Gobustan rock pictures. This picture testify Azerbaijan people's interest in music since ancient times.

Motherland of Azerbaijan people possessed rich musical and cultural heritage is famous as Land of flames.

Azerbaijan music, enriching world musical culture with its rare pearls, has multi-centuries old traditions. Creators of folk music, handed over these traditions to generations, have great role in development of Azerbaijan music.

Folk songs, dances, ashug creation (folk poet and singer) have specific place in Azerbaijan national music.

Mugams are foundation of Azerbaijan national music. It is not accidental that UNESCO, specialized organization of UN, entered Azerbaijan mugam into the list of world cultural heritage.

Our national music has been developing along with literature since ancient times. For instance, mugam developed along with with Eastern poesy. Thus, singers, performed mugam, recited ghazals (a kind of poem) by Azerbaijan well-known poets as Nizami, Khagani, Fuzuli, Nasimi. Poetic forms of national poesy like Garayli, divani, tadjnis along with goshma, mukhammas, ustadnama, gafilband are ashugs' favor forms.

Works of art, created by classics and contemporaries, take honorable place in world cultural treasure. Works by M.F.Akhundov, N.Vazirov, M.S.Ordubadi, G.Zakir, M.A.Sabir, J.Mammadguluzade, M.P.Vagif, M.V.Vidadi and other poets and writers hasn't lost their aesthetic importance.

One of the art kinds, related with Azerbaijan literature, is theatre. The roots of Azerbaijan theatre art related with people's activity, mode of life, solemn and wedding traditions, range of vision. Elements of spectacle in rites, ceremonies and games took important role in popular theatre. It was realistic and related with working categories. Repertoire of popular theatre consisted of short spectacles of ethic content. Popular theatre played important part in establishment of Azerbaijan professional theatre.

Roots of theatre art, dated to old times, started with spectacles "Vizier of Lankaran khanate" and "Hadji Gara" by M.F.Akhundov, staged in Baku in March and April 1973.

Repertoire of Azerbaijan theatre, passed difficult way of development, has neen enriched now. Different spectacles, amazing spectators, are staged in Academic National Dramatic Theatre, Municipal Theatre, Pantomime Theatre, Theatre of Young Spectators and etc.

Cinematography, one of the most interesting and popular art kind of our time, penetrate into people's life and become integral part of it. National cinematography opens bottoms of human heart and new live horizons. It gained great experience year-by-year and created number of different works, reflecting our people's life and problems. These films were kept for future generations and became people's spiritual knowledge.

Azerbaijan fine art is old and rich as history of our people. Research of theatre, cinema, music and folk art, passed long and difficult way of development, proves high cultural heritage of Azerbaijan people. Culture and fine art workers of Azerbaijan always make efforts to spread our culture to world and has achieved it partly. Entering of Azerbaijan mugam into world cultural heritage by UNESCO, rewarding of well-known film master R.Ibrahimbayov, screenwriter and producer by "Oscar" and keeping of manual works and carpets, made by popular masters in famous museums of the world are obvious proves.

THE HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN GENERAL INFORMATION

The historical territories of Azerbaijan, bordered on the Great Caucasus from the North, the Alagoz chain, the basin of the lake Goycha and the Eastern Anatoly from the west, the Caspian Sea from the East and Sultaniye-Zanjan-Hamadan from the south, is a place of the primary cultures which gave the start to modern civilization. In those territories historically belonged to Azerbaijan people they established rich distinctive culture and the state system.

Sounding of 'Azerbaijan' regularly changed along the history. Historical sources reflect former names of Azerbaijan as Andirpatian, Atropatena, Adirbijan and Azirbijan.

The history of ancient Azerbaijan is built on archeological, ethnographic, anthropological and written historical resources. Archeological funds gave the excellent opportunity to study the history of material culture of Azerbaijan, while ethnographic materials revealed in historical sources and expeditions inform about traditions, material-moral culture, former forms of ruling, family relations, etc.

Archeological excavations in the territory of Azerbaijan Republic revealed patterns of rich material culture related to the first human settlement. Based on the abovementioned the territory of Azerbaijan has been referred to the areas of first human formation. Most ancient archeological and paleontological materials recently found in the territory of Azerbaijan prove that first primitive men settled here 1.7-1.8 million tears ago.

The territory of Azerbaijan is rich with archeological monuments which prove it to be one of the regions of the primitive men's first settlement. Archeological finds of the caves of Azikh, TAglar, Damjili, Dashsalahli, Gazma(Nakhchivan) and other monuments, the shin-bone of the most ancient Azikh man (Azikhantrop) lived 300-400 thousand years ago in the Age of Asheul prove the abovementioned theory.

For this find the territory of Azerbaijan has been included into the map of 'The ancient settlers of the Europe'.

In addition, Azeri people has the ancient state system establishment which dates to 5 000 years. The first states or ethic-political unions in Azerbaijan appeared round Urmiya at the end of 4th and at the beginning of 3rd millennium BC. Newly established ancient Azerbaijan states played great role in military-political history of the whole region. They had closed relations with the Shumer, Akkard and Ashur(Assuria) states, located on the valleys of Tigris and Euphrates and also with Het state located on Asia Minor.

Great states such as Manna, kingdom of Iskit(Skit, Skif), Atropatena and Albania appear on the lands of Azerbaijan in the 1st millennium BC and the 1st millennium AD. Those states played distinctive role in perfection of ruling traditions, in history of the economy and culture of the country and in formation of united people.

The beginning of AD is characterized with difficulties for our country; it was occupied first by the empire of Sasani-Iran in the 3rd and later by Arabic khilafet(kind of ruling) in the 7th centuries. Many people of Iranian and Arabic origin migrated here from Iran and Arabia.

Turkic ethnic groups, the most organized and strong from the military and the political aspect, composed the majority of the population in the first centuries of the AD and played important role in the formation of the people. Oguz Turks prevailed among Turkic ethnic groups.

Since the first centuries AD Turkic language was gaining priority among minor people and ethnic groups lived in the territory of Azerbaijan. Turkic language was the means of relation between the north and the south. This fact played important role in formation of united folk for the reason that monotheism was absent in Azerbaijan at that time. The belief to the head God of the Turks did not prevailed over other spread religions. Zoroastrianism, fire-worship, belief in the Sun, the Moon, the Sky, the stars, ground, water etc. still existed. Christianity was widely spread in the northern part of the country, i.e. in some places of Albania, especially in western mountainous regions. Free Albanian church existed together with Armenian and Georgian churches.

Acceptance of Islam in the 7th century made a great change in the history of Azerbaijan.

Islam turned a strong push in the formation of unique people and the language and quickened this process. Common religion of Turkic and non-Turkic ethic groups brought to formation of the same traditions, widening of kinship relations and deepening of the integration process in the territory of Azerbaijan. Islam united all the Moslem Turkic and non-Turkic ethic groups in the struggle against the imperia of Byzantium, aimed to keep the whole South Caucasus under the influence of Christianity and against Armenian and Georgian feudal lords under its subordination as well.

In the middle of the 9th century Azerbaijan re-establishes its traditions of the state system and in the lands of the spread of Islam we see new states: Sajis, Shirvanshakhs, Salaris, Ravvadis, Shaddadis.

Prosperity touched all the spheres of the politics, economy and culture with the appearance of the independent states. Thus starts the period of Azerbaijan Renaissance. The establishment of native states (Sajis, Shirvanshakhs, Salaris, Ravvadis, Shaddadis, of Shaki dominion) after 600 year long Sasani and Arabic occupation and victory of Islam over the whole territory as the only monotheist religion, plaid an important role in ethnic evolution of Azerbaijan people and formation of unique language and culture.

In the period when separate feudal dynasties ruling Azerbaijan changed each-other, Islam played a prominent role in unification against foreign invaders of all Azerbaijan people, i.e. Turkic tribes, founding the base of our nation and non-Turkic ethnic groups integrated with them.

After Arabic Khilafet fell into decay since the mid of the 9th century Turkic-Islamic empires increased their role in the Caucasus, in all the Near and the Middle East. States ruled by such Turkic-Islamic dynasties as Sajis, Shirvanshahs, Salaris, Ravvadis, Shaddadis, Shaki governors, Saljugis, Eldanises, Mongols, Elkhanis-Hulakus, Chobanis, Jalayirs, Teymuris, Osmans, Garagoyunlus, Aggoyunlus, Safavis, Afshars, Gajars and others remained in the history of the state system of Azerbaijan, of the whole South Caucasus and the Near and the Middle East.

State system establishment of Azerbaijan progressed between the 15th and the 18th centuries and later. The great empires of the period Garagoyunlu, Aggoyunlu, Safavi, Afshar and Gajar were directly ruled by the Azerbaijan dynasties.

This fact found its positive reflection in the internal and the international relations of Azerbaijan; widened influence of the country and the people in military and political spheres, also intensified the usage of Azerbaijan language and thus created favorable conditions for the development of material and moral culture of Azerbaijan people. In that historical period Azerbaijan states plaid important role in the international relations and military and the political life of the Near and the Middle East, take active part in the relations between the Europe and the East.

In the reign of the great statesman of Azerbaijan Uzun Hasan (Hasan the High)(1468-1478) the emperor of Aggoyunlu appeared as a great military-political entity in the whole Near and the Middle East. State system establishment of Azerbaijan had been developing. Uzun Hasan aimed to create strong centralised state embracing the territory of the whole Azerbaijan. For this purpose he composed 'Ganunname'(the about the Law). He made one to translate Gurani-Kerim (Koran) into azeri, ordered Abu Bekr Tehrani to write Oguzname (Oguz epic) in the name of 'Kitabi-Diyarbekerriye'.

The distinctive importance carries out the period of the late 15th and early 16th , when the prominent statesman and the grandson of Uzun Hasan Shah Ismail Khatai(1501-1524) realized his grandfather's wish and united all the territories of Azerbaijan under his control.

He created a centralized Azerbaijan state -Safavi; the capital was Tebriz.

During the reign of the Safavis state system establishment in Azerbaijan progressed. Azerbaijani had been the sate language.

Reforms carried out by Shah Ismail, Shah Tahmasib and Shah Abbas and other Safavi rulers, their internal and foreign policy changed the state of Safavi to one of the greatest empires of Near and the Middle East.

After Savafi fell into decay Nadir shah Afshar(1736-1747), a prominent Azerbaijani commander, continued ruling traditions in Azerbaijan territories after Savafi fell into decay. Being of Turkic-Afshar origin from Azerbaijan, he strengthened the borders of the former empire and in 1739 occupied the Northern India including Deli. Despite of his great efforts he couldn't establish the great centralized state.

After Nadir Shah's death his great empire fell into decay and in the second part of the 18th century the struggle of Azerbaijan for freedom gave the birth to new smaller states; khanates and sultanates appeared in the territory of Azerbaijan.

At late 18th century the government of Iran passed to the dynasty of the Gajars(1796-1925) of Azerbaijani origin. Their main policy was to unite all the territories once ruled by their ancestors--the Garagoyunlus, the Aggoyunlus, the Safaviz and by Nadir shah and Azerbaijani khanates as well, under their government. This gave the start to long lasting wars between the Gajars and Russia, aimed to occupy the Southern Caucasus. Azerbaijan was oppressed in the middle of bloody struggle between two great states.

According to Gulustan (1813) and Turkmanchay (1828) agreements Azerbaijan was divided between the two empires. The north part of Azerbaijan joined to Russia, while the south of it to Iran kingdom ruled by the Gajars.

This historical event determines the origin of new political-geographical notions: "The North Azerbaijan"(or "Russian Azerbaijan") and "The South Azerbaijan" (or "Iranian Azerbaijan").

Invaded Azerbaijan with the purpose to create support for itself in the Southern Caucasus, Russia on mass scale resettled Armenians from abroad in to the territories of Azerbaijan, especially to the mountainous regions of Karabakh and the regions of the former Iravan and Nakhchivan khanates and thus in the bordered on Turkey western lands of Azerbaijan, i.e. in the territories of the former Iravan and Nakhchivan khanates appeared 'Armenian province', artificially established for the definite purpose. Such was laid the foundation of future Armenian state on Azerbaijan lands.

In 1836 Russia liquidated free Albanian church, subordinated it to Armenian Grigorian church and thus created a favourable condition to grigorianization and armenianization of the ancient population of Azerbaijan--the christian Albans. Armenians started claims to our lands. Later the tsarist Russia made the next effort: it armed armenians and began mass genocide against Turkic-Moslem Azerbaijanis and gave start to the genocide of all Azerbaijanis and the Turkic-Moslem population of the southern Caucasus.

The liberty movement in Northern Azerbaijan concluded tragically. In March 1918 the dashnak-bolshevik government with S. Shaumyan at its head executed the terrible genocide against Azerbaijanis. But the interference of Turkey brought victory to liberation movement in Azerbaijan. In May 28th of 1918 the northern Azerbaijan witnesses the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan --the first Parliamentary Republic in the history of the people of Azerbaijan, the first democratic, legal and secular state in the whole East and Islamic world.

In the period of Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan parliamentary experience had been gained in two stages. The First period lasted from May 27th till November 19th of 1918. In may 28th the Parliament declared about independence of Azerbaijan, assumed governing of the country and adopted historical Declaration of Independence. During 6 month period the Parliament composed of 44 turkic-moslem members, functioned under the name of the National Board of Azerbaijan and adopted very important historical decisions.

The Second period of parliamentary experience of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan or the Baku period, started from December 7th of 1918 and lasted till April 27th of 1920; only 17 months. By its decision from September 1st of 1919 the parliament established the Baku State University. The establishment of the national University was the most important event in the history of our people. Though the fall of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the Baku State University helped to preserve the ideas of Republic and played great role in re-gaining of the independence.

In lifetime of the DRA the parliament gathered 155 times. 10 of them were in the period of the National Board of Azerbaijan (May 27th -November 19th 1918), the rest 145 in the period of the Parliament of Azerbaijan (December 7th 1918- April 27th 1920).

Parliament discussed over 270 drafts. 230 of them were adopted. Active and business-like disputes caused the adoption of the laws on the third reading. During its 23 month live the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan proved that no colonial or repression regime, how cruel it might be, is in power to crush liberty ideals and state traditions of Azerbaijan people.

The Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan fell under the military attack of the Soviet Russia. State independency of Northern Azerbaijan was liquidated. In April 28th of 1920 in the territory of Azerbaijan the Soviet Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan (SSRA) appeared instead of the Democratic Republic.

The system of the independent state government established in DRA had directly been liquidated after Soviet occupation.

The 'Read Terror' occupied the whole territory of Azerbaijan. Every one who struggled against Bolshevik regime was the victim of the 'red terror' under the names of the 'national enemy', the 'anti-revolutionary' or the 'saboteur'.

So after the March genocide in 1918 Azerbaijan people had to bare the new one. The second genocide was directed to the prominent persons of Azerbaijan people-the prominent statesmen of the DRA, the generals, high rank officers of the National Army, the progressive intellectuals, the heads of the parties, the famous scientists. The band of Bolshevik-dashnaks purposed to abolished the cream of the society and leave it without a head. This was more cruel and terrible than March genocide of 1918.

The North Azerbaijan completely turned into the Soviet state after the call the first Soviet Conference of Azerbaijan SSR in May 6th of 1921. The first Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR was adopted in May 19th.

Deprivation of freedom followed by the robbery of Azerbaijan riches. The private property over the land was abolished; all the national resources of the country turned into the property of the state; control of the Oil Economy had been entrusted to specially founded Azerbaijan Oil Committee. The head of this Committee was A.P.Serebrovski appointed by V.I.Lenin. In his telegram: 'Winning of Baku is too difficult for us', sent to Military-Revolution Board of Caucasus Front from March 17th of 1920, V.I.Lenin ordered to occupy the Northern Azerbaijan. Soviet Russia owned the Petroleum of Baku.

In the thirties of the 20th century the Azerbaijani people met with repression. 29 000 people were subjected to repression in 1937. All of them were worthy sons of their Land. Among them were Huseyn Javid, Mikayil Mushfig, Ahmed Javad, Salman Mumtaz, Ali Nazmi, Tagi Shahbazi and other thinkers and intellectuals. Many years Azerbaijan remained under the influence of this process which took away the intellectual potentiality and honorable men of our people.

1948-1953 are characterized as new level of mass deportation of Azerbaijanis from their historical lands-the Western Azerbaijan (named as Armenia SSR). Armenians stabled their positions in the Western Azerbaijan and their quantity predominated on that area.

In the 60th of the 20th century for objective and subjective reasons Azerbaijan witnessed drawbacks in many spheres of its economy, industry and agriculture Despite of former successful achievements of Azerbaijan people.

The situation changed in 1969 when Heydar Aliyev started his first period of governing Azerbaijan. To make Azerbaijan one of the most advanced republics of the Soviet Union under totalitarian regime, Heydar Aliyev being a great fanatic of his people implemented the programs of great reforms in all the spheres of life.

The first step of the great politician was the achievement of the adoption of favorable decisions, on the problems of great importance for his Motherland and the development of his people on different spheres of economy (agriculture as well) and culture, at the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, at Plenums of the Central Committee, at the Congresses of the Communist party. The next step was the mobilization of Azerbaijan people to implement achieved decisions and thus he did all his best for the prosperity of Azerbaijan. He wanted Azerbaijan to freely provide itself, be capable for independent life, highly developed in scientific and technical sphere country (or as with that time term 'administrative-economic unit'). In a word, Heydar Aliyev stood at the head of the way leading to Independence of country.

Hundreds of plants, factories and other production swatch established over the whole republic during 1970-1975. 213 great plant facilities started to function. In many important industrial spheres Azerbaijan won the first places in the Soviet Union. 350 kinds of products made in Azerbaijan were exported to 65 foreign countries.

All creative works carried out by Heydar Aliyev in the first period of his government stirred up the national pride, national self-consciousness, the feelings of freedom and independence and in the 70th of the 20th century Azerbaijan made the next step towards the national liberty movement-the step of progress.

The late period of Azerbaijan state establishment has started with the adoption of the Constitution Act 'about the State Independence of Azerbaijan Republic' on October 18th of 1991, on the eve of the fall of the USSR and is still successfully going on.

Azerbaijan states exercised the development and the fall, the internal breaking and many invasions along the history. Azerbaijan always kept peaceful relations with bordering countries. But Armenians settled in the Western Azerbaijan constantly took notice of our lands and never missed a chance to occupy some territories.

Separatist- terrorist groupings of the Autonomous Provision of Nagorny Karabakh and Armenian armed forces began military actions for invasion of Nagorny Karabakh (the Mountainous Karabakh) with the help of the military units of USSR Armed Forces located in Armenia and the Autonomous Provision of Nagorny Karabakh in 1988. The regions of Nagorny Karabakh with Azerbaijani population were invaded the first. On January 15th Karkijahan, on February 10th of 1992 villages Malibayli and Guschular were invaded, peace and disarmed residence were inflicted reprisals, Khojaly and Shuhsa were surrounded. In mid of February Armenian and the Soviet united military forces invaded the village of Garadagli. The night from February 25th to 26th of 1992 witnessed the most tragic events of modern history. Armenian military unions with the help of the soldiers of Russian 366th moto-shooting regiment carried out terrible genocide against Azerbaijanis in Khojaly. The head of the Republic A. Mutallibov resigned in March 1992 when the national movement reached its pick. The absence of the ruling weakened the protection of the Azerbaijan Republic. This gave the opportunity to Armenian and soviet military arms to occupy Shusha in May 1992 and Armenians actually occupied the whole territory of Nagorny Karabakh. The next step was the invasion of Lachin-the tie of Armenia with Nagorny Karabakh. New internecine dissension in the period of the National Front of Azerbaijan ( May 1992- June 1993) much weakened our positions. In 1993 Kalbajar was occupied. The June was the period of deep political crisis. On people demand Heydar Aliyev came to power.

Heydar Aliyev's return was decisive in salvation of Azerbaijan. He prevented the risk of the Civil War.

The position of Heydar Aliyev in the solution of the problem of war was correct. As a wise strategist he took into consideration the real conditions. He realized the strength of our enemies and their supporters, plans and dangerous position of Azerbaijan among them and found the way out in cease-fire.

National leader of Azerbaijan people Heydar Aliyev saved his people from national-moral degradation and insolvency. His decisions were not the result of emotions, which might bring to wrong solution; his decisions rested on drawbacks of "former" rulers, realities of changing world, the realities of life and international realities. He returned the ancient and eternal name of 'Azerbaijan' to out land, nation and language. The patriotism, name and language of our people and Turkic-Islam unity re-established, disappeared the danger of ethic collision.

The authority and fame of Azerbaijan in the international world is growing continuously. Azerbaijan Republic is known all over the world as democratic, legal and secular state. The constitution of our state, being the result of Heydar Aliyev's mind, is one of the most democratic and perfect one in the world. The stability in our country and carrying out internal reforms positively affect the extension of the international relations. Azerbaijan Republic, basing its foreign policy on principles of equality and mutual interest, is an open act state for all the states of the world.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON AZERBAIJANI ECONOMY

After Azerbaijan Republic restored its state independence in 1991, started to realize its sovereign rights and conduct independent policy in economic field. Major directions of this policy were transition to economic system, created in base of different forms of property, market economy and integration to world economy.

Economic development existed in country since period of independence till now can be divided in two main stages. First period was economic chaos or regress covering 1991-1995. Second is period of macroeconomic stability and dynamic economic development lasting since 1996.

Within short historical period after restoration of state independence, despite hard initial conditions very big achievements were made in field of social-economic development of country and its integration to world economic system due to foresight policy and hard activity of nationwide leader of Azerbaijani people Heydar Aliyev. The biggest achievement was creation of model of Azerbaijan - a new model of economic reforms and development in process of independent state building implemented in the country during this period.

In the second stage of economic development a number of big-scale policy documents (conceptions, strategies and programs) were adopted as legal base of realization of mentioned model in Azerbaijan Republic ('Program on State Assistance to Small and Middle Entrepreneurship in Azerbaijan (1997-2000)', 'State Program of Development of Small and Middle Entrepreneurship in Azerbaijan (2002-2005)', 'State Program of Development of Agrarian Sector in Azerbaijan (2002-2006)', 'Demographic Development Concept of Azerbaijan Republic', 'State Program on Development of Tourism in Azerbaijan Republic in 2002-2005', 'State Program on Poverty Reduction and Economic Development in Azerbaijan Republic (2003-2005)', 'State Program on Social-Economic Development of Regions of Azerbaijan Republic (2004-2008)' and etc) and a number of documents are under preparation ('Employment Strategy of Azerbaijan Republic', 'Integrated Strategy of Trade and Investment on Non-Oil Sector' and etc).

One of priorities of economic policy of Azerbaijan Republic was preparation of oil strategy of independent state. Implementation of this strategy, author of which is nationwide leader of Azerbaijani people Heydar Aliyev, started in September of 1994 by signing the 30-year contract between Azerbaijan Republic State Oil Company and 13 most popular oil companies (Amoco, BP, McDermott, Unocal, SOCAR, LUKoil, Statoil, Exxon, Turkiye Petrolleri, Pennzoil, Itochu, Ramco, Delta) of a number of countries of the world (USA, Great Britain, Russia, Turkey, Norway, Japan and Saudi Arabia) on joint exploitation of 'Azeri', 'Chirag' wells and deep part of 'Guneshli' well in Azerbaijan sector of Caspian Sea and share division of oil production.

20 September 1994, which was written with golden letters in new history of independent Azerbaijan Republic, will always be remembered by present and future generations. Singing and realization of this contact that is known all over the world under name 'Contract of century' is bright reflection of implementation of new oil strategy, which is the economic development concept of independent Azerbaijan and was prepared by Heydar Aliyev.

On December 29 of 1999 nationwide leader Heydar Aliyev signed Decree 'On Establishment of State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan Republic'.

Major goal of creation of Oil Fund was to ensure fair division of oil wealth gifted to Azerbaijani people by God among generations. One of main targets of Fund is to collect and increase oil revenues for future generations and to use these revenues for present generations by taking into consideration current social needs of country, economic progress and development requirements.

On the wise decision of our great leader Heydar Aliyev, the first funds from Oil Fund were allocated to funding the measures concerning improvement of social-domestic circumstance of refugees and IDPs that are most sensitive section of Azerbaijani people and live under hardest conditions.

Due to large-scale and basic reforms carried out in economy of country significant results were gained in industry in 1995-2004. Contracts signed on September 20 of 1994 with big companies representing developed countries of the world on joint activity in oil and gas production industry stimulated rapid development of oil and gas industry. Production of industrial output lifted. Volume of production increased due to visible progress almost in all the fields of industry as well in oil and gas, chemistry and oil chemistry, machinery and metal processing, building materials industry. Processing industry develops also along with production industry. Over the last six years production increased 1,5 times in processing industry fields, as well 43% in food industry, 2 times in wood production, 30% in paper production, 2,5 times in chemical production, 5 times in building materials production, 3 times in metallurgy industry.

More than 3,000 new industrial enterprises were opened in 1993-2003 and number of them reached 5536 for January 1, 2004. As a result of 'open door' policy that was founded by nationwide leader and is implemented at the present day, number of foreign and joint ventures increased 3 times during these years. At the moment 192 foreign-invested enterprises representing 63 states function in industry field, thousands of workplaces have been opened. 74% of investments made in our national economy in 2003 was directed just to the industrial fields. Visible growth of newly formed economical structures, enlargement and dynamic development of small entrepreneurship, engagement of physical persons with entrepreneurship is accompanied with growth of role of private sector.

Important works are implemented in direction of meeting the requirements of economy and population to energy resources. As a bright example of special attention of President Ilham Aliyev to this field, 'State Program on development of fuel-energy complex of Azerbaijan Republic (2005-2015)' was prepared by Industry and Energy Ministry and confirmed by Decree 635 of President of Azerbaijan Republic dated February 14, 2004 in order to ensure energy security in country and meeting of the growing demands to energy resources in more effective manner.

Being one of major fields of Azerbaijani economy in all times, agriculture played important role in development of country and assurance with necessary consumption products. Adoption of laws on 'Bases of agrarian reforms', 'Reforms of sovkhozes and kolkhozes', 'Land reform' and other important legal documents contributed to implementation of fundamental changes in agrarian-industrial complex. Law 'On land reform' considered for the first time in CIS the criteria such as giving the land to private property, affirmed it as an object of purchase-sale.

Due to the serious structural reforms implemented in agriculture all the agricultural enterprises, as well sovkhozes and kolkhozes were abolished, except a number of pedigree and other such kind of farms, and their properties were divided among members of farms. Acceleration of formation of new property - villager-farmers in the village firmly contributed to better organization of works in agriculture and development of agrarian sector.

For their rapid and radicalism, agrarian reforms deeply differed from reforms carried out in other sectors of Azerbaijani economy and even reforms implemented in CIS countries and played important role in formation of private property and development of business in republic.

Reforms realized in bank system played great role in removing the distrust in banks existed in the first years of independence. Modern bank building works started in country, works implemented in direction of formation of two-stepped bank system, strengthening of banks, growth of their authorized capital. Weak banks, unable to work under conditions of free market economy and stand the competition, were eliminated. Number of banks functioning in country was decreased for four times, capital base of bank system increased 5 times.

One of major criteria ensuring economic development is dynamics of capital investment. Funds directed to capital investment serve growth of production, as well construction and commissioning of new enterprises, educational, medical, dwelling and other social establishments, creation of new workplaces. This is why yearly growth of investments, as well volume of foreign investments in economic policy of Azerbaijan Republic is considered one of priorities.

After Azerbaijan Republic gained state independence, one of important directions of its foreign economic policy was relations with international financial-credit and economic structures. Much has been done in this field over the passed time. Azerbaijan became member of almost all the prestigious international structures, as well in 1992 International Monetary Fund, World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Islam Development Bank, in 1999 Asian Development Bank and carries out regular consultations with these organizations on issues concerning transition to market economy, use their financial resources.

So, numerous positive results caused within a short time by reforms implemented in all fields of economy prove once again correctness of economic policy firmly carried out by direction of Azerbaijan Republic.